Physics
Unit I: Electrostatics
- Electric charges and their conservation
- Coulomb’s law
- Force between two point charges
- Forces between multiple charges
- Superposition principle
- Continuous charge distribution
- Electric field
- Electric field due to a point charge
- Electric field lines
- Electric dipole
- Electric field due to a dipole
- Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
- Electric flux
- Statement of Gauss’s theorem
- Applications to find electric field due to:
- Infinitely long straight wire
- Uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
- Electric potential
- Potential difference
- Electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole, and system of charges
- Equipotential surfaces
- Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and electric dipoles in an electrostatic field
- Conductors and insulators
- Free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
- Dielectrics and electric polarization
- Capacitors and capacitance
- Combination of capacitors in series and parallel
- Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium
- Energy stored in a capacitor
- Van de Graaff generator
Unit II: Current Electricity
- Electric current
- Flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
- Drift velocity and mobility
- Ohm’s law
- Electrical resistance
- V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
- Electrical energy and power
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Internal resistance of a cell
- Potential difference and emf of a cell
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
- Kirchhoff’s laws
- Simple applications
- Wheatstone bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Principle and applications to measure potential difference and compare emf of two cells
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic field
- Concept, Oersted’s experiment
- Biot-Savart law and its application to current-carrying circular loop
- Ampere’s law
- Applications to:
- Infinitely long straight wire
- Straight and toroidal solenoids
- Force on a moving charge
- In uniform magnetic and electric fields
- Cyclotron
- Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors
- Ampere’s definition
- Torque on a current loop
- In a magnetic field
- Moving coil galvanometer
- Current sensitivity
- Conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
- Magnetic dipole moment
- Current loop as a magnetic dipole
- Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
- Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole
- Along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
- Torque on a magnetic dipole
- In a uniform magnetic field
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- Magnetic field lines
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Magnetic elements
- Para-, dia-, and ferromagnetic substances- Examples
- Electromagnets
- Factors affecting their strengths
- Permanent magnets
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic induction
- Faraday’s law
- Induced emf and current
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy currents
- Self and mutual inductance
- Alternating currents
- Peak and RMS value
- Reactance and impedance
- LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
- LCR series circuit
- Resonance
- Power in AC circuits
- Wattless current
- AC generator
- Transformer
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement current
- Need for displacement current
- Electromagnetic waves
- Characteristics (qualitative ideas only)
- Transverse nature
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
- Uses
Unit VI: Optics
- Reflection of light
- Spherical mirrors
- Mirror formula
- Refraction of light
- Total internal reflection
- Optical fibres
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Lenses
- Thin lens formula
- Lens maker’s formula
- Magnification
- Power of a lens
- Combination of thin lenses
- Combination of a lens and a mirror
- Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
- Scattering of light
- Blue colour of the sky
- Reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
- Optical instruments
- Human eye
- Image formation and accommodation
- Correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses
- Microscopes
- Astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
- Wave optics
- Wave front and Huygens’ Principle
- Reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts
- Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ Principle
- Interference
- Young’s double-slit experiment
- Expression for fringe width
- Coherent sources
- Sustained interference of light
- Diffraction
- Diffraction due to a single slit
- Width of central maximum
- Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
- Polarization
- Plane polarized light
- Brewster’s law
- Uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Photoelectric effect
- Hertz and Lenard’s observations
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation
- Particle nature of light
- Matter waves
- Wave nature of particles
- de Broglie relation
- Davisson-Germer experiment
- Conclusion
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment
- Rutherford’s model of atom
- Bohr model
- Energy levels
- Hydrogen spectrum
- Composition and size of nucleus
- Atomic masses
- Isotopes, isobars, isotones
- Radioactivity
- Alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays
- Properties
- Radioactive decay law
- Mass-energy relation
- Mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Variation with mass number
- Nuclear fission and fusion
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
- Energy bands in solids
- Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
- Semiconductor diode
- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
- Diode as a rectifier
- I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
- Junction transistor
- Transistor action
- Characteristics of a transistor
- Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
- Logic gates
- OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates
- Transistor as a switch
Unit X: Communication Systems
- Elements of a communication system
- Block diagram
- Bandwidth of signals
- Speech, TV, and digital data
- Bandwidth of transmission medium
- Propagation of electromagnetic waves
- Atmosphere, sky, and space wave propagation
- Modulation
- Need for modulation
- Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave