Population of the world - distribution, density, and growth;
Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
Human development - concept; selected indicators, international comparisons.
Unit III: Human Activities
Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agriculture and allied activities - some examples from selected countries;
Secondary activities - concept; manufacturing: agro-processing, household, small scale, large scale; people engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries;
Tertiary activities - concept; trade, transport, and communication; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries;
Quaternary activities - concept; knowledge-based industries; people engaged in quaternary activities - some examples from selected countries.
Unit IV: Transport, Communication and Trade
Land transport - roads, railways - rail network; trans-continental railways;
Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes;
Air transport - Intercontinental air routes;
Oil and gas pipelines;
Satellite communication and cyberspace;
International trade - Basis and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, the roleof WTO in International trade.
Unit V: Human Settlements
Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of megacities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.
India: People and Economy
Unit I: People
Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population-linguistic, religious; sex, ruralurban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population;
Migration: international, national - causes and consequences;
Human development - selected indicators and regional patterns;
Population, environment, and development.
Unit II: Human Settlements
Rural settlements - types and distribution;
Urban settlements - types, distribution, and functional classification.
Unit III: Resources and Development
Land resources - general land use; agricultural land use - major crops; agricultural development and problems, common property resources;
Water resources - availability and utilization - irrigation, domestic, industrial, and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods - rainwater harvesting and watershed management (one case study related to participatory watershed management to be introduced) ;
Mineral and energy resources - metallic and non-metallic minerals and their distribution; conventional and non-conventional energy sources;
Industries - types and distribution; industrial location and clustering; changing pattern of selected industries - iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge-based industries; timpact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on industrial location;
Planning in India - target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).
Unit IV: Transport, Communication and International Trade
Transport and communication — roads, railways, waterways, and airways; oil and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networkings - radio, television, satellite, and internet;
International trade - changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; seaports and their hinterland and airports.
Unit V: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal;
Urbanisation-rural-urban migration; problem of slums;
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